Bolt Tensile Stress Area (Metric)
Calculate the tensile stress area of a metric-thread bolt, A_t = (π/4)·(d − 0.9382·p)², from the nominal diameter d (mm) and the thread pitch p (mm). The tensile stress area is the EFFECTIVE cross-section resisting tension in a threaded bolt — and it is NOT the nominal-diameter area (the smooth cylinder) nor the root-diameter area (the thread bottom). Because of the helical thread geometry, tensile rupture occurs at an intermediate section, and tests showed it corresponds to an effective diameter equal to the average of the pitch and root diameters, leading to the formula with the 0.9382·p term (a geometric constant of the ISO metric thread, 60° triangular profile). The tensile area is the fundamental parameter for all bolt strength calculations: preload, tensile stress, proof load and ultimate strength are all found by multiplying A_t by the corresponding material stress. Using the wrong area (the larger nominal-diameter one) would overestimate strength and lead to undersized joints. Bolt tables list A_t for each diameter-pitch combination; this formula computes it for any metric thread. Enter the nominal diameter and the thread pitch.
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Área de tensão de parafuso (métrico)
A área de tensão (área resistente) de um parafuso de rosca métrica é A_t = (π/4)·(d − 0,9382·p)², a partir do diâmetro nominal d e do passo da rosca p. É a seção transversal efetiva que resiste à tração em um parafuso rosqueado — e ela não é a área do diâmetro nominal (que seria do cilindro liso) nem a do diâmetro de raiz (o fundo do filete). Por causa da geometria helicoidal da rosca, a ruptura por tração ocorre em uma seção intermediária, e ensaios mostraram que ela corresponde a um diâmetro efetivo igual à média entre o diâmetro de passo e o de raiz, levando à fórmula com o termo 0,9382·p (uma constante geométrica da rosca métrica ISO, de perfil triangular a 60°). A área de tensão é o parâmetro fundamental para todos os cálculos de resistência do parafuso: a pré-carga, a tensão de tração, a carga de prova e a resistência última são todas calculadas multiplicando A_t pela tensão correspondente do material. Usar a área errada (a do diâmetro nominal, maior) superestimaria a resistência e levaria a uniões subdimensionadas. Tabelas de parafusos listam A_t para cada combinação de diâmetro e passo; esta fórmula a calcula para qualquer rosca métrica (por exemplo, M10 de passo 1,5 dá A_t ≈ 58 mm²). Informe o diâmetro nominal e o passo da rosca.
Related Tools
Bolt Tensile Stress
Calculate the tensile stress in a bolt, σ = F_b ÷ A_t, from the total bolt tensile force F_b (N) and the tensile stress area A_t (mm²). It is the basic strength check of a tensioned bolt: the acting stress (force over resisting area) must be below the material strength with a safety margin. The force F_b is the total load the bolt carries — in a preloaded joint, the preload plus the fraction of external load reaching the bolt (F_i + C·P). The resulting stress is compared with the proof strength S_p (the limit up to which the bolt can be loaded without permanent deformation — typically 85-90% of yield) or the ultimate strength, per the criterion. The bolt strength class (marked on the head: 8.8, 10.9, 12.9 metric; or SAE grades 2, 5, 8) sets these allowable stresses — a class 8.8 bolt has a proof strength of 580-600 MPa, a 12.9 reaches ~970 MPa. Verifying σ does not exceed the allowable, considering preload and service load, is essential: overloaded bolts yield (losing preload) or break. With the fatigue and separation checks, it defines the tensioned joint's safety. Enter the total bolt force and the tensile area.
Bolt Shear Stress
Calculate the shear stress in transversely loaded bolts, τ = F ÷ (n·A), from the total shear force F (N), the number of bolts (or shear planes) n and each bolt's area A (mm²). Unlike tensioned joints (where the bolt is tightened and the load is axial), in SHEAR joints the bolts resist a transverse force tending to slide one part over another (as in steel structural connections, splice plates, flanges under lateral load). The force is distributed among the bolts and each works in shear — hence the stress is force divided by the number of bolts times the area. There can be SINGLE shear (one shear plane) or DOUBLE shear (two planes, when the bolt passes through three plates), doubling capacity. The area used depends on whether the shear plane passes through the threaded part (use the tensile area) or the smooth shank (nominal-diameter area). Shear stress is compared with the bolt material's shear strength (typically ~0.6 of tensile strength). In structures, bearing-type (bolt in shear/bearing) and slip-critical (preload friction transmits load without bolt shear) connections are distinguished — this formula covers shear resistance. Enter the shear force, the number of bolts and the area.
True Stress
Calculate the true stress, σ_t = s × (1 + e), from the engineering stress s (MPa) and the engineering strain e. Engineering stress uses the specimen's initial area, but during a tensile test the real cross-section shrinks; true stress corrects this using the instantaneous area (assuming constant volume in the uniform region), always giving a higher value than engineering stress. It is essential to build the true stress-strain curve and model strain hardening (σ = K·εⁿ). The result is in the same unit as the input stress. Enter the engineering stress and strain.
The results provided by this tool are for general informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute professional, financial, medical, legal, tax or accounting advice. Always confirm important decisions with a qualified professional and official sources.