Densidade celular (hemocitômetro)

Hemocytometer cell counting: cells/mL = average · dilution · 10⁴

The Neubauer hemocytometer is a thick glass slide carrying a precision-etched grid. The gap between coverslip and grid is 0.1 mm, and each large square spans 1 mm², so the volume above one square is fixed at 0.1 mm³ = 10⁻⁴ mL. From there the standard formula falls out: cells/mL = (mean count per large square) × dilution factor × 10⁴. Say you count 200 cells across the 4 corner squares after a 1:2 trypan blue dilution. The mean is 50, so the density is 50 · 2 · 10⁴ = 1.0 × 10⁶ cells/mL. Trypan blue tells you which cells are alive: dead cells have leaky membranes and take up the stain, while viable cells keep it out. Plenty of labs now run automated counters like the Countess or BioRad TC20, which use image analysis and spit out viability in seconds, but manual counting is still the gold-standard reference and the only option when no instrument is on hand.

Applications

It shows up in mammalian cell culture (CHO and HEK293 lines for biopharma), academic and translational research, and biotech process development. The same count drives cytokine and interferon production, monoclonal antibody manufacturing, in vitro fertilization (where sperm and embryos are counted), hematology, and the tracking of microbial cell density during fermentation.

FAQ

Why multiply by 10⁴? A large square holds 10⁻⁴ mL. Going from cells per square to cells per mL means dividing by that volume, and dividing by 10⁻⁴ is the same as multiplying by 10⁴.

How many cells should I count? Try to get 100–200 cells across the squares you count. That keeps the Poisson sampling error under 10 %.

Do I count cells touching the gridlines? Count the ones touching the top and left lines, and skip the ones touching the bottom and right. That rule stops you from counting the same cell twice across neighboring squares.