Taxa de crescimento µ

Specific growth rate: μ = (ln N₂ − ln N₁)/(t₂ − t₁)

The specific growth rate μ (units 1/time) measures how fast a microbial culture multiplies while it is in exponential phase: μ = (ln N₂ − ln N₁)/(t₂ − t₁). Say a culture goes from N₀ = 1 000 to N = 64 000 in 4 h. That gives μ = ln(64)/4 ≈ 1.04 h⁻¹, which works out to a doubling time of t_d = ln(2)/μ ≈ 0.67 h, roughly 40 min. Nobody counts cells one at a time in real labs, so optical density at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀) does the job instead, since turbidity tracks biomass linearly while the sample stays dilute (OD < 0.6 for E. coli). The maximum specific growth rate μ_max shows up in mid-log phase, when nothing is holding the cells back. Once substrate runs short, the Monod model μ = μmax·S/(Ks + S) takes over to describe how growth saturates, with S as the substrate concentration and K_s the half-saturation constant.

Applications

You will run into μ across industrial fermentation (beer, wine, vinegar) and in the design and control of bioreactors, whether batch, fed-batch or continuous chemostat. It also guides strain screening and improvement when you want to pick out fast-growing mutants, helps schedule antibiotic and insulin production, underpins single-cell-protein and yeast biomass plants, feeds into biofuel ethanol, and shows up again in metabolic-engineering optimization.

FAQ

Why use natural log, not log base 2? ln keeps μ in the usual SI-style units of 1/time, whereas log₂ would hand you generations per unit time instead. If you have one and want the other, t_d = ln(2)/μ bridges them.

Why is OD₆₀₀ the standard? At 600 nm you sit well away from the absorption peaks of chromophores and from most ingredients in the medium, so what you read is light scattered by the cells and little else.

What limits μ in a chemostat? You set the dilution rate D yourself. At steady state the culture matches it, so μ = D, and the substrate concentration drifts up or down according to Monod kinetics until everything balances out.