Transformer Turns Ratio Calculator
Finds the secondary voltage of an ideal transformer from V1, N1 and N2 using V1/V2 = N1/N2, so V2 = V1 × N2 / N1: 220 V with 1000:50 turns gives 11 V.
V2 (V)
—
Transformer turns ratio
In an ideal transformer, the primary and secondary voltages, currents and turns all tie together through V₁ / V₂ = N₁ / N₂ = I₂ / I₁. Push the voltage up and the current drops by the same factor; do the reverse and the opposite happens. Power has to balance, after all: V₁ · I₁ = V₂ · I₂. Take a 230 V mains transformer feeding a 12 V output. Its turns ratio works out to 230 / 12 ≈ 19:1. Pull 5 A from the secondary at 12 V and the primary only sees about 5 / 19 ≈ 0.26 A. A step-up unit (N₂ > N₁) raises the voltage; a step-down one (N₂ < N₁) brings it down. Out in the real world there are copper and core losses, which is why efficiency usually lands somewhere in the 95–99 % range.
Applications
Power transmission: utilities push the voltage up to hundreds of kV to cut line losses (Ploss = R · I²), then bring it back down at substations and poles. Linear power supplies: 230 V → 12/24 V for electronics. Welding: a step-down transformer gives up voltage to get the very high current an arc needs. HV chargers and CRT TVs: a step up to several kV drives image tubes and other high-voltage loads.
FAQ
Does it work with DC? No. A transformer relies on magnetic flux that keeps changing. Steady DC gives you a static field and nothing gets induced in the secondary. You need AC, or at least pulsed DC.
Can I run a 110 V transformer on 220 V? Don't. The flux doubles, the core saturates, and the primary starts pulling enormous current until the windings burn out. Pick the correct voltage tap instead.
What about autotransformers? Here primary and secondary share one winding. That saves copper and weight, but you give up galvanic isolation. You'll find them in plenty of voltage-conversion adapters.
Related Tools
Transformer Voltage Ratio Calculator
Computes the secondary voltage of a transformer from primary voltage and the N1 and N2 turns ratio provided.
Eccentricity Ratio
Calculate the eccentricity ratio of a hydrodynamic bearing, ε = e ÷ c, dividing the eccentricity e (shaft centre offset from bearing centre) by the radial clearance c. The result (between 0 and 1) describes the shaft position within the bearing under load: ε = 0 means a centred shaft (no load); ε near 1 means the shaft nearly touches the bearing (heavily loaded, minimum film at the limit). Eccentricity grows with load and decreases with viscosity and speed. The minimum film thickness is h_min = c·(1 − ε). Enter the eccentricity and the radial clearance.
Chip Shear Angle
Calculate the shear-plane angle in chip formation, φ = arctan[(r_c·cos α) ÷ (1 − r_c·sin α)], from the cutting ratio r_c (undeformed chip thickness ÷ deformed chip thickness, always < 1) and the tool rake angle α (degrees). In the orthogonal cutting model (the basis of machining theory), material is not 'scraped': it undergoes intense SHEAR deformation along an inclined plane — the shear plane — where it turns from part to chip almost instantly. That plane's angle, φ, is a central measure of cutting mechanics: LARGER shear angles mean thinner chips, less deformation, lower cutting force and energy and less heat — all desirable. The angle depends on the cutting ratio (measured by comparing chip thickness to feed) and the tool rake angle: tools with more positive rake give larger shear angles and cut with less effort (but have a more fragile edge). Merchant's theory relates φ to chip-tool friction and rake angle, and predicts the angle that minimizes energy. From chip measurements, this calculation lets you analyze cutting efficiency and the influence of tool geometry and lubrication. Enter the cutting ratio and the rake angle.
Compression Ratio (Refrigeration)
Compute a refrigeration system's compression ratio, rc = Pcondensation/Pevaporation, the ratio of the compressor's absolute discharge to suction pressures. High ratios (above ~10) lower volumetric efficiency, raise the discharge temperature (risking oil and refrigerant degradation) and may require two-stage compression — common at low temperatures and in cryogenics. Enter the condensation and evaporation pressures (absolute).
Sterling Ratio
Computes the Sterling ratio, a drawdown-adjusted performance measure. It divides return by a measure of how much the portfolio typically falls from peak to trough, rewarding strategies that deliver return without big drops. The tool shows two versions: the modern one, using excess return over the risk-free rate divided by the average drawdown, and the original Deane Sterling Jones form, which adds a ten percent constant to the denominator. Enter the annualized return, the risk-free rate and the average annual maximum drawdown.
Vibration Transmissibility
Calculate the transmissibility of an undamped vibration isolator, TR = 1 ÷ |r² − 1|, from the frequency ratio r = f ÷ f_n (excitation frequency over natural frequency). The dimensionless result is the fraction of force (or motion) transmitted through the isolator: TR < 1 means isolation (the transmitted vibration is less than the applied one), which only occurs for r > √2. Near r = 1 (resonance), TR spikes; the higher r, the lower the transmissibility and the better the isolation. It is the key criterion in designing antivibration mounts. Enter the frequency ratio.
The results provided by this tool are for general informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute professional, financial, medical, legal, tax or accounting advice. Always confirm important decisions with a qualified professional and official sources.