Flexural Modulus of Rupture (Ceramic)
Compute the three-point flexural modulus of rupture (MOR) of a ceramic, MOR = 3·F·L/(2·b·d²), from the breaking load (F), the support span (L), the width (b) and the thickness (d) of the test bar. It is the main mechanical-strength measure of ceramics and tiles (ISO 10545): porcelain tiles exceed 35 MPa. The d² dependence shows why thicker pieces resist far more. Enter the load, the support span, the width and the thickness.
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Flexural modulus of rupture (ceramic)
Ceramics are extremely strong in compression but brittle in tension — and the bending test is the standard way to measure that limiting strength, since flexure puts the bottom face of the specimen in tension. The three-point modulus of rupture (MOR) is MOR = 3·F·L/(2·b·d²), where F is the load that breaks the specimen, L the support span, b the width and d the thickness. The specimen (a strip or a whole tile) rests on two bars and is pressed at mid-span by a third one until it fractures. The striking feature of the formula is its dependence on the square of the thickness (d²): doubling the thickness quadruples the flexural strength — which is why heavy-traffic floor tiles are thicker, and why a thin tile snaps so easily. ISO 10545-4 standardizes the test for ceramic tiles: porcelain stoneware must reach MOR ≥ 35 MPa, while porous wall tiles sit around 12–15 MPa. The MOR depends on densification (fewer pores, more strength), on the body composition and on firing. Do not confuse it with the breaking strength (the force F itself, in newtons, which is also specified): the MOR normalizes by geometry, allowing tiles of different thicknesses to be compared. Enter the load, the support span, the width and the thickness.
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