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Peck Settlement Trough Width

Calculate the trough-width parameter of the surface settlement induced by tunnelling, i = K·z₀, by Peck's method, from the trough-width parameter K (~0.5 for clays, ~0.25-0.35 for sands) and the tunnel axis depth z₀. The surface settlement from ground loss follows a Gaussian (inverted bell) curve, and i is its standard deviation — the horizontal distance from the tunnel axis to the inflection point, defining the trough width. Larger i means a wider, gentler trough (clays); smaller means narrower and deeper (sands). This parameter is essential to predict damage to nearby buildings in urban tunnels. Enter the K parameter and the tunnel depth.

Result

Largura da bacia de recalque (Peck)

Quando se escava um túnel, por melhor que seja a execução, ocorre alguma perda de solo na frente e ao redor do escudo, e essa perda se propaga até a superfície formando uma depressão — a bacia de recalque. Ralph Peck, em 1969, observou que o perfil transversal dessa bacia tem a forma de uma curva de Gauss (um sino invertido), e que sua largura é caracterizada pelo parâmetro i = K·z₀, onde z₀ é a profundidade do eixo do túnel e K é um parâmetro de largura do trough que depende do tipo de solo: cerca de 0,5 para argilas (bacias largas e suaves) e 0,25 a 0,35 para areias (bacias estreitas e profundas). O parâmetro i é o desvio-padrão da curva gaussiana — a distância horizontal do eixo do túnel ao ponto de inflexão da bacia, onde a curvatura muda de sinal. Ele é fundamental no projeto de túneis urbanos (metrôs, coletores, TBM sob cidades): a partir de i e do recalque máximo sobre o eixo, traça-se toda a bacia e calcula-se a distorção angular e a deformação horizontal que as fundações de edifícios vizinhos sofrerão — base para avaliar risco de danos e definir medidas protetivas. Uma bacia larga (i grande) distribui o recalque suavemente e causa menos dano; uma bacia estreita concentra a deformação. Informe o parâmetro K e a profundidade do túnel.

Related Tools

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Maximum Surface Settlement (Tunnel)

Calculate the maximum surface settlement, over the tunnel axis, S_max = Vs ÷ (i·√(2π)), from the settlement trough volume per metre of tunnel Vs (m³/m, the lost soil volume surfacing) and the trough-width parameter i (m, Peck's method). Since the trough is Gaussian, integrating the curve gives Vs = √(2π)·i·S_max, isolating the maximum settlement, which occurs right over the axis. This is the critical value for damage assessment: compared to allowable limits (typically 10-25 mm for sensitive structures), it decides whether the excavation is safe or needs mitigation. Enter the trough volume and the width parameter.

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Tunnel Volume Loss

Calculate the volume loss of a tunnel excavation, VL = Vs ÷ (π·D²/4)·100, the percentage ratio between the settlement trough volume per metre Vs (m³/m) and the excavated cross-section area (from diameter D). Volume loss quantifies how much soil 'disappeared' relative to the theoretical tunnel volume — caused by face relaxation, overexcavation, tail-gap closure behind the TBM shield and consolidation. It is the key control parameter for urban excavation: well-run EPB/slurry TBMs achieve 0.5-1.5% in soils; values above 2-3% indicate problems and excessive settlement. Enter the trough volume and the tunnel diameter.

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Terzaghi Rock Load Height

Estimate the rock load height over a tunnel crown by Terzaghi's classic method, Hp = Cf·(B + Ht), from the rock load factor Cf (depending on mass quality — ~0 for intact rock to >2 for heavily fractured or swelling rock), the width B and the height Ht of the excavation. Hp represents the loosened rock zone above the tunnel that effectively loads the support — Terzaghi proposed that, due to arching in the mass, only a fraction of the total overburden acts on the lining. This loosening-load model is the historic basis for rock tunnel support design. Multiplying Hp by the unit weight gives the support pressure. Enter the load factor, width and height.

The results provided by this tool are for general informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute professional, financial, medical, legal, tax or accounting advice. Always confirm important decisions with a qualified professional and official sources.