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📏 Calculators

Shrinkage Allowance

Calculate the pattern (mold) dimension accounting for solidification shrinkage, dimension = part dimension × (1 + shrinkage ÷ 100), from the desired final part dimension and the metal's linear shrinkage coefficient (%). The result is the larger dimension the pattern must have so that, upon solidifying and cooling, the part shrinks to the correct size. Each metal has its linear solidification shrinkage: steel ~2%, gray cast iron ~1%, aluminum ~1.3%, bronze ~1.5%. Patternmakers use shrink rules ('contraction rules') already scaled up. Ignoring shrinkage results in undersized parts. Enter the part dimension and the shrinkage coefficient.

Resultado

Sobremedida de contração

Um metal, ao se solidificar e resfriar da temperatura de vazamento até a ambiente, contrai — diminui de tamanho. Se o modelo (o objeto que dá forma à cavidade do molde) tivesse exatamente as dimensões finais desejadas, a peça sairia menor que o especificado. Por isso o modelo é feito maior, com uma sobremedida de contração: dimensão do modelo = dimensão da peça × (1 + contração ÷ 100). A contração linear de solidificação é uma propriedade de cada metal: o aço contrai cerca de 2%, o ferro fundido cinzento ~1% (menos, porque a grafita que se forma compensa parte da contração — uma vantagem do ferro cinzento), o alumínio ~1,3%, o bronze ~1,5%, o latão ~2%. Tradicionalmente, os modeladores não calculavam isso peça por peça: usavam réguas de contração (também chamadas 'réguas de fundidor' ou contraction rules), réguas especiais já 'esticadas' na proporção da contração do metal — uma régua de contração de 2% mede 1020 mm onde uma régua normal mediria 1000 mm, então o modelador trabalhava com medidas normais e a sobremedida já vinha embutida. Há três tipos de contração na fundição que não devem ser confundidos: a contração líquida (do metal ainda líquido esfriando, compensada pelo massalote), a contração de solidificação (a mudança de fase líquido→sólido, a grande causa de rechupes, também alimentada pelo massalote) e a contração sólida (do sólido esfriando até a ambiente) — é esta última, linear, que a sobremedida do modelo compensa. Erros de contração levam a peças fora de tolerância dimensional. Informe a dimensão da peça e o coeficiente de contração.

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Gate Area

Calculate the gating channel section area, A = Q ÷ v, dividing the desired metal flow rate Q by the metal velocity v. The result, in the consistent area unit (cm²), is the cross-section the sprue (or gate) must have to deliver the needed flow at the calculated velocity. It is the application of the continuity equation to the casting gating system. Correctly sizing the areas of the system's elements (basin, sprue, runner, gates) controls the flow rate, velocity and flow regime of the metal, avoiding turbulence and ensuring proper filling. The ratios between the areas define the system type (pressurized or unpressurized). Enter the flow rate and the velocity.

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Solidification Volumetric Shrinkage

Calculate the volumetric shrinkage on solidification of a metal, ΔV = (ρ_solid − ρ_liquid) ÷ ρ_liquid × 100%, from the metal densities in the solid and liquid states. The result, in %, is the volume reduction that occurs when the metal goes from liquid to solid — because the solid is denser (more compact) than the liquid. This shrinkage is the main cause of shrinkage cavities (internal voids) and is exactly what risers must feed with extra molten metal. Each metal has its solidification shrinkage: steel ~3%, aluminum ~6.6%, copper ~5%. Gray cast iron is an exception (graphite expands, reducing the liquid shrinkage). Enter the solid and liquid metal densities.

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Pouring Velocity

Calculate the molten metal velocity at the base of the sprue by Torricelli's equation, v = √(2·g·h), from the metal column height h (m) and gravity g. The result, in m/s, is the velocity at which the metal enters the gating system by gravity, starting from the pouring basin height. It is the basis of gating system design: the velocity sets the flow rate (with the section area) and the flow regime. Velocities too high cause turbulence (air aspiration, oxidation, erosion); hence gating systems are designed to control and slow the flow. Enter the metal column height.

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Mold Fill Time

Calculate the fill time of a casting mold, t = V ÷ Q, dividing the cavity volume V by the metal flow rate Q of the gating system. The result, in seconds, is the time to completely fill the mold with molten metal. It is a critical parameter: filling too slowly lets the metal cool and solidify before filling everything (cold shut, misrun defects), while too fast causes turbulence, gas entrapment, mold erosion and inclusions. The optimal time depends on the part's weight and thickness and the metal. Sizing the gating system for the right time is central to casting design. Enter the cavity volume and the flow rate.

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Casting Metal Yield

Calculate the metal yield of a casting process, η = (part mass ÷ total poured mass) × 100%, dividing the finished part mass by the total poured metal (part + risers + runners + spills). The result, in %, measures the metal utilization efficiency: the rest (runners, risers, flash) is remelted, but consumes energy and adds cost. Typical yields range from 50 to 80%, depending on the part and gating complexity. Maximizing yield (well-sized risers, optimized gating) cuts energy and remelting costs. Enter the part mass and the total poured mass.

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Metallostatic Pressure

Calculate the metallostatic pressure exerted by molten metal at the bottom of a mold, P = ρ × g × h, from the molten metal density ρ (kg/m³), gravity g and the metal column height h (m). The result, in pascals, is the pressure the molten metal exerts on the mold walls and bottom due to its own weight — analogous to hydrostatic pressure, but with the high density of metals. It is essential to size the mold strength (which can 'burst' or deform under pressure), predict core flotation and metal penetration into gaps. Dense metals (iron, ~7000 kg/m³) generate high pressures. Enter the metal density and the column height.

The results provided by this tool are for general informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute professional, financial, medical, legal, tax or accounting advice. Always confirm important decisions with a qualified professional and official sources.