Soil Swell Factor
Compute the swell factor, E = (loose_volume/in-situ_volume − 1)·100%, the volume increase soil or rock undergoes when excavated and loosened, relative to the original compact (bank) volume. It is essential in sizing haulage and spoil: 1 m³ of rock in the bank can become 1.5 m³ loose in the truck. Each material has its factor (sand ~10–15%, rock ~50–60%). Enter the loose volume and the in-situ (bank) volume.
Resultado
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Fator de empolamento do solo
Escave um buraco e tente devolver toda a terra: ela não cabe mais. Ao ser desagregado, o solo ou a rocha incorpora vazios e aumenta de volume — o empolamento (swell): E = (Volume_solto/Volume_in_situ − 1)·100%. É um fator que governa a logística de qualquer escavação ou mina: as caçambas e os caminhões trabalham com o material solto, mais volumoso, enquanto os projetos medem o terreno no banco (compacto). Ignorar o empolamento subdimensiona o transporte e o bota-fora. Areia empola ~10–15%; argila ~25%; rocha sã dinamitada, 50–60% ou mais. O caminho inverso, a compactação no aterro, reduz o volume abaixo do banco original. Informe o volume solto e o volume in situ.
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Geosynthetic Rupture Safety Factor
Calculate the safety factor against tensile rupture of a geosynthetic reinforcement layer, FS = T_adm ÷ T_req, from the allowable tensile strength T_adm (kN/m, the ultimate already reduced by creep, installation-damage and degradation factors) and the required tension T_req (kN/m, the force the soil demands at that layer). This is the final design check for a reinforcement layer: the available (allowable) strength must exceed the demand (required) with an adequate margin. Reinforced-soil codes require tensile-rupture safety factors typically around 1.3-1.5 (since many uncertainties — creep, damage, degradation — are already covered by the partial reduction factors embedded in T_adm). If FS is below the required, a stronger geosynthetic is chosen, the layer spacing reduced (lowering T_req per layer) or both. Besides tensile rupture (this calculation), reinforced-soil design also checks PULLOUT stability (sufficient anchorage), INTERNAL stability (failure surfaces cutting the reinforcements), EXTERNAL stability (sliding, overturning and bearing capacity of the whole mass) and deformations. This rupture FS is one of the fundamental checks. Enter the allowable strength and the required tension.
Oil Formation Volume Factor (Bo)
Compute the oil formation volume factor (Bo) by dividing the volume the oil occupies at reservoir conditions by the volume it occupies at the surface (stock-tank barrels). Bo is always greater than 1 because, in the reservoir, the oil is hot and has dissolved gas, occupying more space; as it rises and loses gas and heat, it shrinks. It is essential to convert reservoir volumes into surface production. Enter the volumes at reservoir and surface conditions.
Allowable Geosynthetic Strength
Calculate the allowable (design) tensile strength of a geosynthetic, T_adm = T_ult ÷ (RF_cr·RF_id·RF_cd), from the ultimate strength T_ult (kN/m, from a short-term tensile test) and the reduction factors for creep RF_cr, installation damage RF_id and chemical/biological degradation RF_cd. Geosynthetics (geotextiles, geogrids, geomembranes) used as soil REINFORCEMENT in walls, slopes and embankments on soft soils must work for decades, and their design strength is far below the lab value from quick tests. The reduction factors discount: CREEP (polymers under constant load deform and lose strength over time, RF_cr typically 2-5, the largest factor); INSTALLATION DAMAGE (compacting gravel fill over the geosynthetic causes abrasion and punctures, RF_id ~1.1-2); and chemical/biological DEGRADATION over the service life (RF_cd ~1.1-2). Their product can reduce the allowable strength to 20-40% of the ultimate. This is the basis of designing any reinforced-soil structure, and underestimating the reduction factors (overestimating strength) is a cause of reinforced wall and slope failures. Enter the ultimate strength and the three reduction factors.
The results provided by this tool are for general informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute professional, financial, medical, legal, tax or accounting advice. Always confirm important decisions with a qualified professional and official sources.