Tempo de duplicação bacteriano

Bacterial doubling time: t_d = ln(2)/μ

The doubling time t_d is the interval a bacterial population needs to double during the exponential (log) phase. It ties to the specific growth rate μ through td = ln(2)/μ ≈ 0.693/μ. You can also get it from initial and final counts: td = t · ln(2)/ln(N/N₀). Example: going from N₀ = 1 000 to N = 64 000 in 120 min is 6 generations, so t_d = 120/6 = 20 min, which is typical for E. coli in rich medium. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, on the other hand, doubles only every ~24 hours, which is why TB is slow to diagnose and takes long treatment regimens. The full growth curve runs through four phases: lag (adaptation), log (exponential, constant t_d), stationary (nutrient and space limits, growth = death), and decline (cell death dominates). Doubling time only means something in the log phase.

Applications

Clinical microbiology sets blood culture incubation at 24–48 h to match the expected t_d. Industrial fermentation depends on it too, from yeast in brewing to lactic acid bacteria in yogurt and antibiotic-producing actinomycetes. It also guides antibiotic dosing intervals, since β-lactams need concentrations above MIC for several t_d, and it shows up in bioprocess scale-up and probiotic manufacturing.

FAQ

Why is M. tuberculosis so slow? Its waxy mycolic-acid cell wall slows nutrient uptake, and its replication enzymes work at a leisurely pace. The result is t_d ≈ 24 h, against 20 min for E. coli.

Can t_d change during a culture? Yes. It's shortest in mid-log phase and lengthens as nutrients run down, and outside the log phase the concept simply doesn't apply.

What's the relationship to generation time? They're synonyms. Both name the time it takes for one cell to become two.