Bulk Density (Ceramic)
Compute the bulk (apparent) density of a ceramic, BD = dry mass/(wet mass − immersed mass), by Archimedes' method, considering the total piece volume (including pores). It is an indicator of the densification achieved in firing: higher bulk density means fewer pores and generally higher strength. Water density (1 g/cm³) is used in the hydrostatic weighing. Enter the dry, wet and immersed masses.
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Massa específica aparente (cerâmica)
A massa específica aparente (ou densidade aparente) MEA = massa seca/(massa úmida − massa imersa) é a densidade da peça cerâmica considerando o seu volume total — incluindo os poros. Calcula-se pelo método de Arquimedes: a massa seca dividida pelo volume aparente, que é obtido pela diferença entre a massa saturada e a massa imersa em água (essa diferença, pela densidade da água de 1 g/cm³, dá diretamente o volume em cm³). O resultado é um termômetro da densificação alcançada na queima: quanto mais a peça sinterizou e fechou os poros, mais massa cabe no mesmo volume aparente, maior a densidade — e, em geral, maior a resistência mecânica e menor a absorção de água. Compara-se a MEA com a densidade teórica (do material totalmente denso) para obter a densidade relativa (o grau de sinterização). É 'aparente' porque inclui os poros; a densidade real (ou verdadeira), medida com picnômetro de gás sobre o pó moído, exclui os poros e é sempre maior. A diferença entre as duas revela a porosidade total. A MEA é um controle de rotina nas fábricas de cerâmica, simples e revelador. Informe a massa seca, a úmida e a imersa.
Related Tools
Apparent Porosity (Ceramic)
Compute a ceramic's apparent porosity, AP = (wet mass − dry mass)/(wet mass − immersed mass)·100%, the volume fraction occupied by open pores (accessible to water), measured by Archimedes' method. Unlike water absorption (relative to mass), apparent porosity is relative to volume. Open pores reduce mechanical strength and increase permeability. Enter the wet, dry and immersed masses (hydrostatic weighing).
Sintering Relative Density
Compute the relative density of a sintered body, RD = (bulk density/theoretical density)·100%, the fraction of the maximum density (of the fully dense, pore-free material) the piece reached. It is the central measure of the degree of sintering: advanced ceramics aim for RD above 99% (almost pore-free) for maximum strength and properties. The residual porosity is 100% − RD. Enter the bulk (sintered) density and the theoretical density.
Cylindrical Silo Capacity
Calculate the storage capacity (mass) of a silo's cylindrical part, M = ρ · (π·D²/4) · H, from the product bulk density ρ (kg/m³), the silo inner diameter D (m) and the cylindrical body height H (m). The calculation combines the cylinder volume (section area times height) with the product's bulk density — the product mass per unit apparent volume, which includes the voids between particles and differs from the solid particle density. Bulk density varies with product and state: soybeans ~720 kg/m³, corn ~720, wheat ~770, cement ~1500, and it also changes with moisture and compaction. Capacity is a silo's most basic commercial and operational parameter: it sets how much product it stores, and thus the logistics of receiving, dispatch and stock turnover. This computes the cylindrical part; total capacity also includes the lower hopper volume and, in grain silos, the upper product cone above the transition line (formed by the angle of repose during filling). Correctly estimating capacity is essential in designing storage units, cooperatives and grain terminals. Enter the bulk density, diameter and cylindrical body height.
The results provided by this tool are for general informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute professional, financial, medical, legal, tax or accounting advice. Always confirm important decisions with a qualified professional and official sources.