Composite Modulus (Rule of Mixtures)
Calculate the longitudinal elastic modulus of a composite by the rule of mixtures, E_c = E_f·V_f + E_m·(1 − V_f), from the fiber modulus (E_f), the fiber volume fraction (V_f) and the matrix modulus (E_m). The result, in the modulus unit (GPa), is the modulus in the fiber direction (Voigt upper bound), assuming equal strain in fiber and matrix. It shows the composite stiffness is a volume-weighted average — stiff fibers (carbon, glass) at high fraction greatly raise the modulus. In the transverse direction, the inverse rule of mixtures (Reuss bound) applies, much lower. Enter the fiber modulus, the fiber fraction and the matrix modulus.
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Módulo do compósito (regra das misturas)
A regra das misturas é a forma mais fundamental de prever a rigidez de um material compósito a partir de seus constituintes. Para o módulo de elasticidade na direção das fibras (longitudinal), ela é E_c = E_f·V_f + E_m·(1 − V_f), uma média ponderada pelo volume dos módulos da fibra (E_f) e da matriz (E_m), onde V_f é a fração volumétrica de fibra. A dedução assume que, ao tracionar o compósito ao longo das fibras, fibra e matriz se deformam igualmente (mesma deformação, hipótese de Voigt) e as cargas que cada uma suporta se somam. O resultado revela por que os compósitos são tão poderosos: como as fibras (carbono ~230 GPa, vidro ~70 GPa) são muito mais rígidas que a matriz polimérica (~3 GPa), mesmo uma fração moderada de fibra domina o módulo — com V_f = 0,6 e fibra de carbono, o compósito chega a ~140 GPa, quase 50× mais rígido que a resina pura, mas com uma fração do peso do aço. Essa é a versão longitudinal, que é o limite superior (de Voigt) da rigidez — vale quando as fibras são contínuas e alinhadas na direção da carga. Na direção transversal (perpendicular às fibras), aplica-se a regra das misturas inversa (1/E = V_f/E_f + V_m/E_m, o limite inferior de Reuss), e o módulo é muito menor, dominado pela matriz mole — por isso laminados unidirecionais são fortíssimos numa direção e fracos na outra, e se empilham lâminas em vários ângulos (laminado multidirecional) para obter propriedades equilibradas. A anisotropia — propriedades que dependem da direção — é a característica definidora e o maior desafio (e oportunidade) do projeto com compósitos. Informe o módulo da fibra, a fração de fibra e o módulo da matriz.
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