Crystallinity Degree (Enthalpy)
Calculate a polymer's crystallinity degree by the melting enthalpy method, X_c = (ΔH_m ÷ ΔH_m°) × 100%, dividing the melting enthalpy measured by DSC (ΔH_m) by the enthalpy of the 100% crystalline polymer (ΔH_m°, a tabulated reference). The result, in %, is the fraction of polymer mass organized in crystalline regions, as opposed to amorphous ones. Crystallinity governs key properties: higher crystallinity raises stiffness, strength, density, opacity and chemical resistance, but lowers transparency and impact resistance. Enter the measured melting enthalpy and that of the 100% crystalline material.
Resultado
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Grau de cristalinidade pela entalpia de fusão
A maioria dos polímeros semicristalinos (como o polietileno, o polipropileno e o PET) não é totalmente cristalina nem totalmente amorfa — coexistem regiões cristalinas, onde as cadeias se dobram e empacotam de forma ordenada, e regiões amorfas, onde ficam emaranhadas ao acaso. O grau de cristalinidade mede a fração organizada, e o método mais usado parte da calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC): mede-se o calor absorvido para fundir os cristais (a entalpia de fusão ΔH_m, área do pico de fusão), e compara-se com o calor que fundiria o mesmo polímero se fosse 100% cristalino (ΔH_m°, um valor tabelado característico de cada polímero). A fórmula é direta: X_c = (ΔH_m ÷ ΔH_m°) × 100%. Só as regiões cristalinas absorvem calor de fusão, então quanto maior o ΔH_m medido, maior a cristalinidade. O grau de cristalinidade é um dos parâmetros que mais influenciam as propriedades de um plástico. Mais cristalinidade traz: maior rigidez e resistência mecânica, maior densidade, maior resistência química e a solventes, maior temperatura de uso, mas também maior opacidade (os cristais espalham a luz) e menor resistência ao impacto (o material fica mais frágil). A cristalinidade não é fixa — depende da estrutura da cadeia (regularidade, ramificações) e, crucialmente, da história de resfriamento: resfriar lentamente dá tempo para os cristais crescerem (alta cristalinidade); resfriar rápido (têmpera) congela o estado amorfo. É por isso que o mesmo polímero pode ficar transparente ou opaco conforme o processamento. Informe a entalpia de fusão medida e a do material 100% cristalino.
Related Tools
Crystallinity by Density
Calculate a polymer's crystallinity degree by the density method, X_c = [ρ_c·(ρ − ρ_a)] ÷ [ρ·(ρ_c − ρ_a)] × 100%, from the sample's measured density (ρ) and the densities of the 100% amorphous (ρ_a) and 100% crystalline (ρ_c) phases. The result, in %, relies on crystalline regions being more compact and dense than amorphous ones — the higher the sample density, the higher its crystallinity. It is an alternative to DSC (enthalpy), simple and accurate, using a density gradient column or pycnometry. Enter the sample, amorphous and crystalline densities.
Degree of Polymerization
Calculate a polymer chain's degree of polymerization, DP = M_n ÷ M₀, dividing the number-average molar mass of the chain (M_n) by the molar mass of the monomer or repeat unit (M₀). The dimensionless result is the average number of monomer units in each chain. The higher the degree of polymerization, the longer the chains and the more pronounced the polymer properties: increased mechanical strength, melt viscosity, transition temperature and toughness. Below a critical value, the material lacks typical polymer properties. Enter the chain molar mass and the monomer molar mass.
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Melt Flow Index (MFI)
Calculate the melt flow index (MFI), MFI = (mass × 600) ÷ time, from the mass of polymer extruded (g) and the extrusion time (s), normalizing to the mass that flows in 10 minutes. The result, in g/10min, measures how easily the molten polymer flows under standardized load and temperature (plastometer test). High MFI indicates a low-viscosity, low-molar-mass polymer, easy to inject; low MFI indicates high viscosity, high molar mass, better for extrusion and blow molding. It is the most used quality control parameter in the plastics industry. Enter the extruded mass and the time.
Mining Recovery
Compute the mining recovery, R = (mined ore / in-situ ore)·100%, the fraction of the ore originally present in the deposit that is actually extracted. Not all ore is recoverable: support pillars, blasting losses and contacts leave part behind. Together with dilution, it defines the extraction efficiency and the mineable reserves. Enter the mined ore and the in-situ ore.
The results provided by this tool are for general informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute professional, financial, medical, legal, tax or accounting advice. Always confirm important decisions with a qualified professional and official sources.