Extrusion Haul-Off Speed
Calculate the haul-off speed of an extrudate by mass conservation, v = Q ÷ A, from the extruder volumetric flow Q (m³/s) and the final product cross-sectional area A (m²). After the die, the extrudate is pulled by a haul-off (belts, rollers, winder) at a speed that must be SYNCHRONIZED with the extruder flow: by mass conservation, in steady state, the volume leaving the extruder per second must equal the volume the haul-off removes per second (product area times line speed). If haul-off is too fast for the flow, the product thins below size or breaks; if too slow, material accumulates and deforms. This speed sets the line's PRODUCTIVITY (metres per minute) and, with die swell and draw-down ratio, sets the final dimensions. Controlling the extrusion-haul-off synchrony — often with dimension sensors and closed loop — is essential for dimensional uniformity of pipes, profiles, wire and sheet. This gives the theoretical line speed from flow and desired section. Enter the flow and the product section area.
Result
—
Velocidade de puxamento da extrusão
A velocidade de puxamento (haul-off) de um extrudado decorre da conservação de massa, v = Q ÷ A, a partir da vazão volumétrica da extrusora Q e da área da seção transversal do produto final A. Depois da matriz, o extrudado é tracionado por um sistema de puxamento (esteiras, roletes, bobinadeira) a uma velocidade que precisa estar sincronizada com a vazão da extrusora: pela conservação de massa, em regime permanente, o volume que sai da extrusora por segundo deve igualar o volume que o puxamento remove por segundo (a área do produto vezes a velocidade da linha). Se o puxamento for rápido demais para a vazão, o produto afina abaixo da medida ou rompe; se for lento demais, o material acumula e deforma. Essa velocidade define a produtividade da linha (metros de produto por minuto) e, junto com o inchamento da matriz e a razão de estiramento, determina as dimensões finais. Controlar a sincronia entre extrusão e puxamento — muitas vezes com sensores de dimensão e malha fechada — é essencial para a uniformidade dimensional de tubos, perfis, fios e chapas. Este cálculo dá a velocidade de linha teórica a partir da vazão e da seção desejada. Informe a vazão e a área da seção do produto.
Related Tools
Extruder Drag Flow
Calculate the drag flow of a single-screw extruder, Q_d = ½·π²·D²·N·H·sin(φ)·cos(φ), from the barrel diameter D (m), screw speed N (rev/s), metering-zone channel depth H (m) and helix angle φ (degrees). Drag flow is an extruder's main pumping mechanism: the melt is dragged forward by the relative motion between the rotating screw and the fixed barrel, like a screw pushing a nut that cannot turn. This viscous drag is proportional to screw speed and channel geometry, and would be the maximum theoretical flow with no back-pressure. In practice the net flow is the drag flow MINUS the pressure flow (the backflow from die/head resistance). The balance between drag and pressure sets the extruder's operating point on its characteristic curve. Drag flow is the basis of extrusion screw design, the process that makes pipes, profiles, films, sheets, wire and the pellets of nearly all transformed plastic. Enter the diameter, speed, channel depth and helix angle.
Extruder Head Pressure
Estimate an extruder's head pressure, ΔP = (Q·μ) ÷ K, from the volumetric flow Q (m³/s), the melt viscosity μ (Pa·s) and the die conductance constant K (m³, summarizing the head+die flow-resistance geometry). Head pressure is the pressure the melt reaches at the screw end, before being forced through the die that gives the product its final shape. It results from the balance between the screw's pumping capacity (drag flow) and the die's resistance: more restrictive dies (smaller orifices, longer narrower channels) need higher pressure for the same flow. Extrusion pressures are very high — typically 100-400 bar (10-40 MPa) — and measuring and controlling them is essential: pressure indicates process state (blockages, viscosity changes from temperature, screw wear), governs flow and product uniformity, and has safety limits (excessive pressure can rupture the head or trigger burst disks). The screw-die balance, shown in the extruder's characteristic curve, is the heart of process control. Enter the flow, viscosity and die constant.
Saltation Velocity in Pneumatic Conveying (Rizk)
Computes the saltation velocity in dilute-phase pneumatic conveying with the Rizk correlation, V_s = √(g·D)·(μ·10^(1440·d_p + 1.96))^(1/(1100·d_p + 2.5)), where the pipe diameter D and the particle diameter d_p are in metres and μ is the solids-to-gas loading ratio in kg of solid per kg of air. Below this velocity the particles stop being carried in suspension and start settling at the bottom of the horizontal pipe, building a dune that chokes the cross-section until the line blocks — which is why it is the LOWER design limit, on top of which a typical margin of 20 to 50 % is applied. Because the bracketed term is dimensionless, velocity scales exactly with √(g·D), giving two practical readings: doubling the pipe diameter demands only 41 % more velocity, but tripling the solids loading from 10 to 30 raises the requirement from 15.9 to 22.9 m/s, because loading enters raised to an exponent. Enter the pipe diameter, the particle diameter and the loading ratio.
Plastic Injection Flow Rate
Compute the injection flow rate by dividing the injected volume by the fill time, in cm³/s. It is the speed at which the molten plastic enters the mold — a parameter that controls the shear rate, molecular orientation, surface finish and defects such as jetting or flow marks. High flow fills fast but may degrade; low flow may solidify before filling. Enter the injected volume and the fill time.
Blow-Up Ratio (Blown Film)
Calculate the blow-up ratio (BUR) in blown-film tubular extrusion, BUR = D_bubble ÷ D_die, from the film bubble diameter D_bubble and the annular die diameter D_die. Blown-film extrusion makes most of the world's plastic films (bags, packaging, sacks, sheeting): the melt is extruded through an annular die forming a tube, which is then INFLATED with compressed air like an elongated balloon and pulled upward at once, stretching the film in two directions to its final thickness (a few micrometres). The blow-up ratio is how much the tube is inflated relative to the die diameter — typically 1.5:1 to 4:1. It controls molecular orientation in the TRANSVERSE (circumferential) direction: a higher BUR stretches the film more in width, balancing its properties in both directions (transverse by blowing and longitudinal by pulling). The balance between blow-up and draw (pulling) sets the biaxial orientation, which determines the film's strength, stiffness, clarity and tear behavior. Adjusting BUR is a main control variable in making blown films with the desired properties. Enter the bubble diameter and the die diameter.
Extrusion Specific Energy (SEC)
Calculate the extrusion specific energy consumption (SEC), SEC = power ÷ mass throughput, from the screw motor power (kW) and the mass throughput (kg/h). The result, in kWh/kg, is the energy to process each kilogram of polymer, and the main ENERGY-EFFICIENCY indicator of an extruder. Since extrusion melts and pumps plastic largely by VISCOUS heating (screw mechanical energy converted to heat by shear), specific consumption directly reflects how well the screw is doing its job. Typical values are 0.1-0.4 kWh/kg, varying with polymer (each has a melting enthalpy), screw geometry, speed and temperature. An abnormally HIGH SEC signals problems — wrong screw, excessive shear (which can degrade the material), poor temperature setting — and energy waste (the largest part of an extruder's operating cost). A very low SEC may indicate incomplete melting. Monitoring SEC is central to efficiency, quality and cutting cost and emissions in plastics processing. Enter the power consumed and the mass throughput.
The results provided by this tool are for general informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute professional, financial, medical, legal, tax or accounting advice. Always confirm important decisions with a qualified professional and official sources.