Greenshields Speed
Calculate the speed of a traffic stream by the linear Greenshields model, v = v_f·(1 − k ÷ k_j), from the free-flow speed v_f, the current density k and the jam density k_j (vehicles/km). The result, in the unit of v_f, shows speed falls linearly with density: on an empty road (k = 0), vehicles travel at free-flow speed; as density rises, speed decreases, reaching zero at total jam (k = k_j). It is the most classic macroscopic traffic flow model, the basis of the parabolic flow-density relationship. Enter the free-flow speed, the current density and the jam density.
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Modelo de Greenshields (velocidade-densidade)
Em 1935, Bruce Greenshields propôs a primeira e mais célebre relação macroscópica do tráfego, baseada numa hipótese simples: a velocidade cai linearmente com a densidade. O modelo é v = v_f·(1 − k ÷ k_j), onde v_f é a velocidade de fluxo livre (a velocidade quando a via está praticamente vazia, limitada só pela geometria e pela lei), k é a densidade atual e k_j é a densidade de engarrafamento (jam density), em que os veículos estão parados. A leitura é direta: com a via vazia (k = 0), v = v_f (velocidade máxima); à medida que mais veículos entram e a densidade sobe, a velocidade cai proporcionalmente; e no engarrafamento total (k = k_j), a velocidade chega a zero. A grande consequência aparece ao combinar essa reta com a equação fundamental q = k · v: substituindo, o fluxo q torna-se uma função parabólica da densidade — começa em zero (via vazia, ninguém passa), cresce até um máximo (a capacidade, que ocorre na densidade crítica k_j/2 e velocidade v_f/2), e volta a cair até zero no engarrafamento (muitos veículos, mas todos parados). Essa parábola é o famoso diagrama fundamental do tráfego, que explica por que adicionar veículos a uma via congestionada reduz o fluxo total. Apesar de simples (relações reais são mais complexas, com quedas abruptas na transição), o modelo de Greenshields captura a essência do fenômeno e é a porta de entrada da teoria do fluxo de tráfego. Informe a velocidade livre, a densidade atual e a de engarrafamento.
Related Tools
Space Mean Speed
Calculate the space mean speed of two vehicles by the harmonic mean, v_s = 2 ÷ (1/v₁ + 1/v₂), from the individual speeds v₁ and v₂. The result, in the same unit as the speeds, is the harmonic mean — not the arithmetic — which is the correct way to compute the mean speed of a traffic stream when observing a road section (average over space). Space mean speed is always less than or equal to the time mean speed (the arithmetic mean observed at a point), because it gives more weight to slow vehicles, which spend more time in the section. It is the speed used in the fundamental equation q = k·v. Enter the two speeds.
Average Vehicle Spacing
Calculate the average vehicle spacing, s = 1000 ÷ k, dividing 1000 metres by the traffic density k (vehicles/km). The result, in metres, is the average distance between the fronts of two consecutive vehicles in a traffic stream. Spacing is the inverse of density: congested roads have high density and small spacing; free-flowing roads have low density and large spacing. It is the spatial analogue of headway (which is temporal) and relates to speed by s = v·h. The smallest spacing, at jam density, equals the vehicle length plus the minimum gap. Enter the traffic density.
Saturation Flow
Calculate the saturation flow of a signalized approach, S = S₀ × N, multiplying the base saturation flow per lane S₀ (vehicles/h per lane, typically ~1800–1900) by the number of lanes N. The result, in vehicles/h, is the maximum rate of vehicles that can cross the stop line if the signal stayed green continuously and a queue existed — the queue discharge rate during green. It is a central parameter in signal design and intersection capacity, adjusted by lane width, grade, turning and parking factors. Enter the base saturation flow per lane and the number of lanes.
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