Instrument Hysteresis
Compute an instrument's hysteresis, H = (maximum up-down difference/span)·100%, the largest difference between the readings obtained for the same input value when it is reached increasingly and then decreasingly. It reveals 'memory' or mechanical slack in the sensor: ideally zero, but present in springs, gears and magnetic materials. Expressed as a percentage of span. Enter the hysteresis difference and the span.
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Histerese de instrumento
Faça um instrumento subir até um valor e depois descer até o mesmo ponto: idealmente, a leitura deveria ser idêntica nos dois sentidos. A histerese é a diferença que aparece — uma 'memória' do caminho percorrido: H = (diferença máxima/span)·100%. Suas causas são físicas e mecânicas: folga em engrenagens, atrito, deformação elástica de molas e diafragmas, e, em sensores magnéticos, o próprio laço de histerese do material. Um manômetro com histerese marca pressões ligeiramente diferentes ao subir e ao descer. Junto com a linearidade e a repetibilidade, é uma das parcelas da exatidão — e, por vir de folgas mecânicas, costuma piorar com o desgaste do instrumento. Informe a diferença de histerese e o span.
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Linearity Error
Compute the linearity error (non-linearity) of an instrument, LE = (maximum deviation/span)·100%, the largest departure of the actual curve from the ideal straight line, expressed as a percentage of span. It measures how much the instrument's response deviates from a straight line — the smaller, the more 'linear' and predictable the reading. It is one of the components of specified accuracy. Enter the maximum deviation and the instrument span.
Accuracy as % of Full Scale
Convert an accuracy specification given as a percentage of full scale (% FS) into the absolute error in engineering units, Error = (accuracy% · span)/100. Since the %FS error is constant across the range, it represents a larger relative error at low readings — so it is important to translate it into real units. Enter the accuracy percentage and the instrument span.
Gear Base Pitch
Calculate the base pitch of an involute gear, p_b = π·m·cos(φ), from the module m (mm) and the pressure angle φ (degrees). The base pitch is the distance between two homologous flanks of consecutive teeth, measured along the base circle (or, equivalently, along the line of action) — different from the circular pitch (π·m), measured on the pitch circle. The base pitch is a FUNDAMENTAL property of involute meshing for an elegant reason: for two meshes to transmit motion correctly, they must have the SAME base pitch — it is the conjugacy condition of involute profiles. Moreover, the base pitch appears directly in the CONTACT RATIO (the average number of teeth in simultaneous contact, found by dividing the line-of-action length by the base pitch): a contact ratio above 1 (ideally above 1.4) ensures there is always at least one tooth pair meshed, transmitting motion continuously and smoothly, without impacts. The base pitch is also the basis of checking gears 'over two pins' or by span measurement (W over teeth), classic dimensional-control methods. It is an essential parameter in gear geometry and metrology. Enter the module and the pressure angle.
Energy Dissipated per Cycle
Calculate the energy dissipated per cycle in a viscous damper, ΔE = π·c·ω·X², from the viscous damping coefficient c, the excitation frequency ω (rad/s) and the vibration amplitude X. The result, in joules, is the mechanical energy converted to heat each oscillation cycle by the damper — proportional to frequency and to the square of amplitude. Quantifying it is essential to size dampers and dissipators (in suspensions, buildings under earthquakes, isolators) and to estimate the heat generated by vibration. The greater the dissipation, the faster free vibration decays. Enter the damping coefficient, the frequency and the amplitude.
Cutting Clearance (Punch-Die)
Calculate the per-side cutting clearance between punch and die in sheet cutting, c = (a ÷ 100)·t, from the recommended percentage clearance a (% of thickness) and the sheet thickness t (mm). Cutting clearance is the small gap between punch and die, and one of the MOST important parameters in sheet-cut quality. As the punch descends, it shears the material, but the cut is not a clean slice: the material first deforms (roll-over), then shears giving a smooth zone (burnish), and finally FRACTURES, giving a rough zone and a burr. The correct clearance makes the cracks starting from punch and die MEET, giving a clean cut with minimal burr. The ideal clearance depends on material and thickness: typically 5-10% of thickness per side for steels (less for soft materials, more for hard). Too SMALL a clearance gives a secondary cut (double burr) and tool wear and needs more force; too LARGE gives heavy burr, distortion and poor edge quality. Getting clearance right is essential for tool life, required force and cut-part quality. Enter the recommended percentage clearance and the sheet thickness.
Bearing Radial Clearance
Calculate the radial clearance of a journal bearing, c = (D_bore − D_shaft) ÷ 2, subtracting the shaft diameter from the bearing bore diameter and dividing by two. The result is the radial space between shaft and bearing, where the lubricant oil film forms. Clearance is a critical design parameter: too small hampers film formation and heat dissipation (seizure risk); too large reduces load capacity and increases vibration and noise. A rule of thumb uses a radial clearance of about one thousandth of the diameter. Enter the bore and shaft diameters.
The results provided by this tool are for general informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute professional, financial, medical, legal, tax or accounting advice. Always confirm important decisions with a qualified professional and official sources.