Irrigation Time
Calculate the required irrigation time, t = depth ÷ application intensity, dividing the depth to apply (mm) by the system's application intensity (mm/h). The result, in hours, is how long the system (sprinkler, pivot, drip) must run to apply the desired depth. The application intensity must not exceed the soil's infiltration rate, or it causes runoff and erosion. Multiplied by the flow, it gives the water volume; combined with the number of sectors, it sets the total irrigation time of the area. It is a routine calculation in daily irrigation management. Enter the depth and the application intensity.
Resultado
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Tempo de irrigação
Definida a lâmina de água a aplicar (a altura de água, em mm, que cobriria o terreno), a pergunta operacional imediata é: por quanto tempo deixo o sistema ligado? A resposta é direta: t = lâmina ÷ intensidade de aplicação, dividindo a lâmina desejada (mm) pela intensidade de aplicação do sistema (mm/h — a velocidade com que ele despeja água sobre a área). Um sistema que aplica 10 mm/h leva 2 horas para depositar 20 mm. A intensidade de aplicação é uma característica do sistema: depende da vazão dos emissores e do espaçamento (em aspersão), da velocidade de avanço (em pivô central) ou da vazão por gotejador e espaçamento (em gotejamento). Há uma restrição agronômica fundamental que o operador não pode ignorar: a intensidade de aplicação não deve exceder a taxa de infiltração do solo (a velocidade com que o solo absorve a água). Se aplicar mais rápido do que o solo consegue infiltrar, a água excedente escoa pela superfície, causando erosão, formação de poças, distribuição desuniforme e desperdício — além de não umedecer o perfil como deveria. Solos arenosos infiltram rápido (toleram alta intensidade); solos argilosos e compactados infiltram devagar (exigem baixa intensidade ou irrigação em pulsos). Por isso o tempo de irrigação e a intensidade são escolhidos em conjunto com o tipo de solo. Multiplicando o tempo pela vazão total, obtém-se o volume de água consumido; e como uma área grande costuma ser irrigada por setores (turnos), o tempo de cada setor define quantos setores cabem no dia e o intervalo entre irrigações. É um cálculo de rotina no manejo diário da irrigação. Informe a lâmina e a intensidade de aplicação.
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Gross Irrigation Depth
Calculate the gross irrigation depth, D_gross = D_net ÷ Ef, dividing the required net depth (the water that must reach the roots, in mm) by the irrigation system's application efficiency (decimal). The result, in mm, is the depth the system must actually apply so that, after losses (evaporation, drift, percolation, runoff), the net depth remains in the soil. More efficient systems (drip, ~90%) require less gross depth than less efficient ones (conventional sprinkler, ~75%; surface, ~50-60%). It is the basis of irrigation design and management. Enter the net depth and the application efficiency.
Leaching Requirement (Irrigation)
Computes the leaching requirement of an irrigated field — the fraction of the applied depth that must pass through the root zone and drain away to flush out the salts the irrigation water leaves behind: LR = water EC ÷ (5 × tolerable saturation extract EC − water EC), with both electrical conductivities in decisiemens per metre. The tolerable EC comes from the crop salt tolerance table — beans sit near 1 dS/m, maize near 1.7 and barley above 8. The result, as a percentage, feeds the gross depth calculation, which is the net depth divided by (1 − LR): a requirement of 13.6%, for instance, forces you to apply about 16% more water than the crop consumes. The saltier the water relative to what the crop tolerates, the larger the fraction; and when the water EC approaches five times the tolerable EC the value blows up, a sign that this water is unusable for that crop without artificial drainage or a change of species. Enter the electrical conductivity of the irrigation water and the tolerable electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract.
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Calculate the field efficiency of a mechanized operation, Ef = (effective capacity ÷ theoretical capacity) × 100%, dividing the effective field capacity (area actually worked per hour) by the theoretical capacity (the one obtained with no time losses). The result, in %, measures how much of the time the machine actually works, as opposed to headland turns, refills, adjustments, travel and overlaps. Simple operations in large fields have high efficiency (80-90%); complex operations in small, irregular fields, low (60-70%). Improving field efficiency (larger fields, fewer stops) reduces costs. Enter the effective and theoretical capacities.
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The results provided by this tool are for general informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute professional, financial, medical, legal, tax or accounting advice. Always confirm important decisions with a qualified professional and official sources.