Vickers Hardness (HV)
Calculate the Vickers hardness, HV = 1.8544 × F ÷ d², from the applied load F (kgf) and the mean diagonal d (mm) of the indentation left by a square-based diamond pyramid indenter (136° angle). The result, in kgf/mm² (HV), measures the material's resistance to penetration. The Vickers test is versatile: one scale spans soft to extremely hard materials, and with small loads (microhardness) it can measure individual phases, thin layers and weld-adjacent regions. Enter the load and the mean indentation diagonal.
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Dureza Vickers (HV)
O ensaio de dureza Vickers pressiona contra o material um penetrador de diamante em forma de pirâmide de base quadrada (com ângulo de 136° entre faces opostas), sob uma carga conhecida, e mede as duas diagonais da impressão quadrada que fica marcada. A dureza é a carga dividida pela área da impressão: HV = 1,8544 × F ÷ d², com F em kgf, d (média das diagonais) em mm e o constante 1,8544 = 2·sen(68°). O resultado sai em kgf/mm². A grande vantagem do Vickers é a escala única e contínua: o mesmo penetrador e a mesma fórmula servem para materiais macios e para os mais duros, ao contrário de Rockwell (que usa várias escalas) ou Brinell (limitado em materiais muito duros). Com cargas pequenas — a microdureza Vickers — é possível medir a dureza de fases individuais da microestrutura, de camadas finas (nitretação, cementação) e de regiões muito próximas a um cordão de solda, mapeando a zona termicamente afetada. A impressão pequena e bem definida torna o método preciso, mas exige superfície polida e medição ao microscópio. Informe a carga e a diagonal média da impressão.
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Knoop Hardness (HK)
Calculate the Knoop hardness, HK = 14.229 × F ÷ d², from the load F (kgf) and the long diagonal d (mm) of the elongated rhombic indentation left by a Knoop diamond indenter. The result, in kgf/mm² (HK), is used mainly for microhardness of brittle materials, coatings, glass and ceramics, and thin samples: the Knoop's elongated, shallow indentation measures narrow layers and hardness gradients better than Vickers and is less sensitive to microcracking. Enter the load and the long diagonal of the indentation.
Tensile Strength from Brinell Hardness
Estimate a carbon steel's tensile strength (Rm) from the Brinell hardness, Rm ≈ 3.45·HB, in MPa. There is a remarkably robust empirical correlation between hardness and strength in steels, which lets you estimate strength from a hardness test — fast, cheap and almost non-destructive — instead of a tensile test. Useful in inspection and quality control. Enter the Brinell hardness (HB).
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Estimates Egyptian pyramid construction time from volume in cubic meters and daily average rate of stones laid by workers.
Percent Elongation
Calculate the percent elongation, A% = (L_f − L₀) ÷ L₀ × 100%, from the initial gauge length L₀ and the final length L_f measured after rupture in a tensile test (fitting the two halves of the specimen back together). The result, in %, is a direct measure of the material's ductility — how much it stretches before breaking. Ductile steels reach 20–40%; brittle materials, a few percent. Elongation depends on the gauge length used, so it is always quoted with it (e.g. A% over 50 mm). Enter the initial and final lengths.
Martensite Start Temperature Ms (Andrews)
Computes the Ms temperature, the point at which austenite starts transforming into martensite during quenching, using the linear Andrews equation: Ms(°C) = 539 − 423·C − 30.4·Mn − 17.7·Ni − 12.1·Cr − 7.5·Mo, with every content in mass percent. Nearly every element dissolved in austenite lowers Ms — cobalt and aluminium are the exceptions and raise it —, but carbon dominates by far: each 0.1 % of carbon drops Ms by 42 °C, nearly 14 times the effect of the same manganese content. Knowing Ms sets the martempering bath temperature, tells whether retained austenite will survive at room temperature, and predicts how severe the quenching stresses will be, because a low Ms makes the martensite expansion happen late, with the part already cold and rigid, and that is where cracks appear. The correlation is fitted to low-alloy steels with carbon up to roughly 0.6 %, and the page rejects compositions above 0.8 % carbon, where the extrapolation loses its footing. Enter the carbon, manganese, nickel, chromium and molybdenum contents.
Shrinkage Allowance
Calculate the pattern (mold) dimension accounting for solidification shrinkage, dimension = part dimension × (1 + shrinkage ÷ 100), from the desired final part dimension and the metal's linear shrinkage coefficient (%). The result is the larger dimension the pattern must have so that, upon solidifying and cooling, the part shrinks to the correct size. Each metal has its linear solidification shrinkage: steel ~2%, gray cast iron ~1%, aluminum ~1.3%, bronze ~1.5%. Patternmakers use shrink rules ('contraction rules') already scaled up. Ignoring shrinkage results in undersized parts. Enter the part dimension and the shrinkage coefficient.
The results provided by this tool are for general informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute professional, financial, medical, legal, tax or accounting advice. Always confirm important decisions with a qualified professional and official sources.