ASTM Grain Size
Compute the number of grains per square inch at 100× magnification from the ASTM grain-size number, N = 2^(G−1). The higher the G number, the smaller and more numerous the grains. Grain size is decisive in metal properties: fine grains (high G) increase strength and toughness (Hall-Petch relation), while coarse grains reduce them. It is measured by metallography. Enter the ASTM grain-size number (G).
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Tamanho de grão (ASTM)
Os metais são feitos de grãos — pequenos cristais com orientações diferentes, soldados uns aos outros pelos contornos de grão. O tamanho desses grãos é uma das características que mais influenciam as propriedades. A norma ASTM padroniza isso num número G: N = 2^(G−1) dá o número de grãos por polegada quadrada a 100× de aumento. Quanto maior o G, menores e mais numerosos os grãos. E grãos finos são desejáveis: pela relação de Hall-Petch, eles aumentam simultaneamente a resistência e a tenacidade (uma combinação rara, já que normalmente uma sobe e a outra desce) — porque os muitos contornos de grão bloqueiam o movimento das discordâncias e desviam as trincas. Por isso processos como têmpera, laminação controlada e adição de refinadores de grão buscam maximizar o G. O grão grosseiro, ao contrário, fragiliza — um perigo do superaquecimento na soldagem. Informe o número de tamanho de grão ASTM.
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