ASTM Grain Size
Compute the number of grains per square inch at 100× magnification from the ASTM grain-size number, N = 2^(G−1). The higher the G number, the smaller and more numerous the grains. Grain size is decisive in metal properties: fine grains (high G) increase strength and toughness (Hall-Petch relation), while coarse grains reduce them. It is measured by metallography. Enter the ASTM grain-size number (G).
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Grain size (ASTM)
Metals are made of grains — small crystals with different orientations, welded to one another along the grain boundaries. The size of those grains ranks among the characteristics that most influence properties. The ASTM standard captures it in a number G: N = 2^(G−1) gives the number of grains per square inch at 100× magnification. The larger the G, the smaller and more numerous the grains. And fine grains are desirable: through the Hall-Petch relationship, they raise strength and toughness at the same time (a rare combination, since one usually rises as the other falls) — the many grain boundaries block dislocation movement and deflect cracks. That is why processes such as quenching, controlled rolling and grain-refiner additions aim to maximise G. Coarse grain, by contrast, embrittles the metal — one of the hazards of overheating during welding. Enter the ASTM grain size number.
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