Sensor Sensitivity
Compute a sensor's sensitivity, S = Δoutput/Δinput, the ratio of the output-signal change to the measured-quantity change that caused it. It is the slope of the calibration curve: a more sensitive sensor produces a larger signal change for the same input change, making reading easier. Expressed, for example, in mV/°C or mA/bar. Enter the output change and the input change.
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Sensor sensitivity
The sensitivity of a sensor is the 'slope' of its response curve: S = Δoutput/Δinput — how much the output signal changes for each unit of change in the measured quantity. A thermocouple rated at 40 µV/°C, a pressure sensor rated at 2 mA/bar: those figures are the sensitivity. A more sensitive sensor puts out larger signals that are easier to read against the noise floor, but it may saturate earlier over a wide measuring range. Do not confuse sensitivity with resolution (the smallest detectable increment) or with accuracy (how close the reading sits to the true value): a sensor can be highly sensitive and still be inaccurate. Enter the output change and the input change.
Related Tools
ADC Resolution
Compute the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), R = FSR/2ⁿ, dividing the full-scale range (FSR, in volts) by the number of levels (2 to the power of the number of bits). It is the smallest voltage step the converter distinguishes — the more bits, the finer the resolution: a 12-bit ADC divides the range into 4096 levels. Fundamental in data-acquisition and digital-instrumentation design. Enter the full-scale range and the number of bits.
Expanded Uncertainty
Compute the expanded uncertainty of a measurement, U = k · uc, multiplying the combined uncertainty (uc) by the coverage factor k. While the combined uncertainty corresponds to ~68% confidence (1σ), the expanded one defines a higher-confidence interval — with k = 2, about 95%, the standard in most calibration certificates. It is the final value reported as '± U' in the result. Enter the coverage factor k and the combined uncertainty.
ASA ISO DIN Equivalence
Converts film sensitivity between ASA ISO and DIN scales.
Cant Deficiency
Calculate the cant deficiency of a railway curve, I = (B·V²)/(127·R) − h_a, the difference between the theoretical equilibrium cant (for speed V, radius R, gauge B) and the cant actually applied to the track h_a (mm). Deficiency is the share of lateral acceleration NOT compensated by the applied cant — the residual centrifugal acceleration felt by passengers and transmitted laterally to the outer rail. Since a curve has fixed cant but is run at different speeds (slow freight, fast express), it is impossible to balance all: fast trains run with deficiency (outward force), slow ones with excess. Codes limit allowable deficiency (typically 100-150 mm for conventional trains, more for tilting trains) for comfort, safety and wear. Deficiency lets trains run above the curve's equilibrium speed within safe limits. Enter the gauge, speed, radius and applied cant.
DC Motor No-Load Speed
Calculate the no-load speed of a DC motor, ω = V ÷ K_e, from the applied voltage V and the back-EMF constant K_e (V·s/rad). The result, in rad/s, is the speed the motor reaches with no load, when the generated back-EMF nearly equals the applied voltage and the current drops to a minimum. It is the upper speed limit of the motor for a given voltage, the basis of the torque-speed curve (running from stall torque at zero speed to no-load speed at zero torque). It lets you estimate the operating range of servos and DC motors. Enter the voltage and the constant K_e.
True Stress
Calculate the true stress, σ_t = s × (1 + e), from the engineering stress s (MPa) and the engineering strain e. Engineering stress uses the specimen's initial area, but during a tensile test the real cross-section shrinks; true stress corrects this using the instantaneous area (assuming constant volume in the uniform region), always giving a higher value than engineering stress. It is essential to build the true stress-strain curve and model strain hardening (σ = K·εⁿ). The result is in the same unit as the input stress. Enter the engineering stress and strain.
The results provided by this tool are for general informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute professional, financial, medical, legal, tax or accounting advice. Always confirm important decisions with a qualified professional and official sources.