ADC Resolution
Compute the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), R = FSR/2ⁿ, dividing the full-scale range (FSR, in volts) by the number of levels (2 to the power of the number of bits). It is the smallest voltage step the converter distinguishes — the more bits, the finer the resolution: a 12-bit ADC divides the range into 4096 levels. Fundamental in data-acquisition and digital-instrumentation design. Enter the full-scale range and the number of bits.
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ADC resolution (A/D converter)
An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) translates a continuous voltage into a digital number — but it can only tell finite steps apart. The resolution is the size of that step: R = FSR/2ⁿ, the full-scale range divided by the number of levels (2 raised to the number of bits). Every extra bit doubles the number of levels and halves the step: 8 bits give 256 levels; 12 bits, 4096; 16 bits, 65536. In a 12-bit ADC with a 10 V range, each step is worth about 2.4 mV — swings smaller than that stay invisible to the converter. This is what limits the accuracy of any data acquisition system. Enter the full-scale range and the number of bits.
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PWM Resolution (Levels)
Calculate the number of levels of a PWM signal, levels = 2^bits, from the bit resolution of the PWM generator (timer). The result is the number of discrete duty-cycle steps available: an 8-bit PWM offers 256 levels (0 to 255), allowing power adjustment in 256 steps; a 10-bit one, 1024 levels, finer control. Higher resolution gives smoother control of motor speed and LED brightness, but reduces the maximum possible PWM frequency for a given timer clock. It is a central parameter in microcontroller configuration. Enter the resolution in bits.
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Compute a sensor's sensitivity, S = Δoutput/Δinput, the ratio of the output-signal change to the measured-quantity change that caused it. It is the slope of the calibration curve: a more sensitive sensor produces a larger signal change for the same input change, making reading easier. Expressed, for example, in mV/°C or mA/bar. Enter the output change and the input change.
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