PWM Resolution (Levels)
Calculate the number of levels of a PWM signal, levels = 2^bits, from the bit resolution of the PWM generator (timer). The result is the number of discrete duty-cycle steps available: an 8-bit PWM offers 256 levels (0 to 255), allowing power adjustment in 256 steps; a 10-bit one, 1024 levels, finer control. Higher resolution gives smoother control of motor speed and LED brightness, but reduces the maximum possible PWM frequency for a given timer clock. It is a central parameter in microcontroller configuration. Enter the resolution in bits.
Resultado
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Resolução de PWM
A resolução de um sinal PWM determina em quantos degraus discretos o ciclo de trabalho (duty cycle) pode ser ajustado. Ela é definida pela largura, em bits, do contador do timer que gera o PWM: o número de níveis é níveis = 2^bits. Um PWM de 8 bits (comum no Arduino Uno) oferece 2⁸ = 256 níveis (valores de 0 a 255), o que permite dividir a potência em 256 degraus — suficiente para a maioria das aplicações de controle de brilho de LED e velocidade de motor. Um PWM de 10 bits dá 1024 níveis; de 16 bits, 65.536 níveis, controle ultrafino usado em áudio e instrumentação. Mas há um compromisso fundamental: para um dado clock do timer, mais resolução significa menor frequência máxima de PWM. Isso porque o timer precisa contar até 2^bits a cada período — quanto mais alto o topo da contagem, mais lenta a frequência (f_PWM = f_clock ÷ (prescaler × 2^bits)). Por isso o projetista escolhe a resolução conforme a necessidade: controle suave (alta resolução) versus chaveamento rápido (alta frequência, importante para filtrar bem, evitar zumbido audível em motores e responder rápido em fontes chaveadas). Microcontroladores modernos permitem configurar a resolução do timer livremente para equilibrar os dois. Informe a resolução em bits.
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