EV vs ICE Savings
Compares cost per km between electric and combustion vehicles by yearly distance.
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EV vs combustion: cost per kilometre
When you compare an electric car against a combustion one, the cost of energy per kilometre is what really moves the total cost of ownership (TCO). For an EV (kWh/100 km) the formula is cost_per_km = (consumption × price) / 100, and for combustion it is price / km_per_litre. Take typical Brazilian numbers in 2026. An EV charging at home draws roughly 15 kWh/100 km at R$ 0.80/kWh, so about R$ 0.12/km (drop that to R$ 0.03-0.05/km if you charge on an off-peak tariff). A gasoline car doing 12 km/L at R$ 6.00/L lands near R$ 0.50/km. That works out to roughly 80% saving on energy alone. Maintenance favours the EV too, since there is no engine oil to change, no spark plugs and no exhaust system, and regenerative braking stretches pad life by two or three times. Lei 14.220/2021 removed IPI on some EVs, and several states zero ICMS and IPVA for plug-in vehicles.
Applications
Work out the TCO of a personal car before you buy, run the numbers for a ride-share driver (Uber, 99), study what it would cost to electrify a corporate fleet, weigh a leasing decision, feed a sustainability report, or check how long the EV price premium takes to pay back through per-km savings.
FAQ
What about the higher purchase price of EVs? For an average driver doing 15,000 km/year, the energy and maintenance savings usually cover the premium within 4-7 years. Heavy users who clock 40,000+ km/year, like Uber drivers, get it back in 1-2 years.
Does fast charging on the road change the maths? It does. DC fast chargers run R$ 2-3/kWh, three to four times what you pay at home, so the advantage shrinks on long trips. Keep most of your charging at home or at work.
And battery replacement? Modern lithium packs carry an 8 year / 160,000 km warranty and usually last 12-15 years in practice. A replacement runs R$ 30-60 k today, and that price keeps dropping about 10% per year.
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CO₂ Volume Produced
Calculate the CO₂ volume produced in complete combustion of a hydrocarbon C_xH_y, V_CO₂ = x × 22.4 ÷ M, from the number of carbon atoms x and the fuel molar mass M (g/mol). The result, in Nm³ of CO₂ per kg of fuel, is the carbon dioxide generated by complete burning — information for emission inventories, exhaust system sizing and gas analysis. Each carbon atom in the fuel becomes one CO₂ molecule. Methane produces ~1.4 Nm³/kg. Fuels with more carbon per unit mass (coal, heavy oils) produce more CO₂. Enter x and the fuel molar mass.
Excess Air (from Flue Gas)
Calculate the excess air of a combustion from the oxygen in dry flue gas, EA = O₂ ÷ (20.9 − O₂) × 100%, from the measured O₂ percentage in the stack. The result, in %, shows how much air was supplied beyond stoichiometric — measured by the leftover oxygen in the exhaust gases. Some excess air (10-30%) is needed to ensure complete combustion (avoid CO and soot), but too much wastes energy heating useless air that leaves hot through the stack. Gas analyzers measure O₂ and compute the excess air to optimize combustion efficiency. Enter the O₂ percentage in the gases.
The results provided by this tool are for general informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute professional, financial, medical, legal, tax or accounting advice. Always confirm important decisions with a qualified professional and official sources.